Antibody Optimisation
We will optimise a protocol to get your antibody staining looking the best it can
In immunohistochemistry there are several factors which can affect the quality of staining, such as the antigen retrieval method, antibody concentration and antibody incubation time. We optimise each of these conditions so that each antibody produces IHC staining on the tissue of interest with an optimal specific staining to background ratio.
Below is a list of antibodies that the lab have previously developed protocols for. NB: Not all antibodies are immediately available and may need to be ordered in on request. Frequently used antibodies are shown with an (*).
Please select how you wish to view this list:
| Antibody | Tissues | Target Description |
| AID | Human Only | Somatic hypermutation, gene conversion, and class-switch recombination of Ig genes |
| Alpha smooth muscle Actin* | Human and Mouse | Cytoskeleton marker: Muscle cells |
| Bcl-6 | Human Only | Activated and proliferating B cells in germinal centres |
| CAIX* | Human Only | Hypoxia marker |
| Caspase3 | Human Only | Apoptosis marker |
| CD103 | Human Only | CD103 is expressed widely on intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) T cells (both αβ T cells and γδ T cells) and on some peripheral regulatory T cells (Tregs).It has also been reported on lamina propria T cells. A subset of dendritic cells in the gut mucosa and mesenteric lymph nodes, known as CD103 dendritic cells, also expresses this marker. |
| CD138 | Human Only | Plasma cells |
| CD146* | Human and Mouse | Endothelial (cell lineage) marker |
| CD16 | Human Only | CD16, also known as FcγRIII, is a cluster of differentiation molecule found on the surface of natural killer cells, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages |
| CD19* | Human Only | B cells and follicular dendritic cells |
| CD2 | Human Only | CD2 (cluster of differentiation 2) is a cell adhesion molecule found on the surface of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. It has also been called T-cell surface antigen T11/Leu-5, LFA-2, LFA-3 receptor, erythrocyte receptor and rosette receptor. |
| CD20* | Human and Mouse | B cells |
| CD206 | Human Only | The mannose receptor (Cluster of Differentiation 206, CD206) is a C-type lectin primarily present on the surface of macrophages, immature dendritic cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, but is also expressed on the surface of skin cells such as human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes. |
| CD21 | Human Only | Complement receptor type 2 (CR2), also known as complement C3d receptor, Epstein-Barr virus receptor, and CD21 (cluster of differentiation 21), B cells express CR2 receptors on their surfaces, allowing the complement system to play a role in B-cell activation and maturation |
| CD27 | Human Only | Memory B cells, some plasma cells, naïve and memory T cells and NK cells. A useful marker to distinguish certain T and B cell subets from each other. |
| CD3* | Human Only | T-cells |
| CD30 | Human and Mouse | Reed-Sternberg cells |
| CD31* | Human and Mouse | Vascular marker: Endothelial cells |
| CD32b | Human Only | Human CD32B (FcγRIIB), the low-affinity inhibitory receptor for IgG, is the predominant Fc receptor (FcR) present on B cells |
| CD34* | Human and Mouse | Vascular marker: Endothelial cells |
| CD35 | Human Only | CD35 (cluster of differentiation 35) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CR1 gene, The gene encodes a monomeric single-pass type I membrane glycoprotein found on erythrocytes, leukocytes, glomerular podocytes, hyalocytes, and splenic follicular dendritic cells |
| CD38 | Human Only | CD38 (cluster of differentiation 38), also known as cyclic ADP ribose hydrolase is a glycoprotein found on the surface of many immune cells (white blood cells), including CD4+, CD8+, B lymphocytes and natural killer cells. CD38 also functions in cell adhesion, signal transduction and calcium signaling. |
| CD4* | Human and Mouse | T-Helper cells, monocyte/macrophages, granulocytes, thymocytes and Langerhans' cells |
| CD45 | Human Only | Protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type C. All differentiated hematopoietic cells (except erythrocytes and plasma cells). |
| CD5 | Human Only | T -cells |
| CD56 (NCAM) | Human and Mouse | Neurons, astrocytes, Schwann cells, NK cells and a subset of activated T cells |
| CD68* | Human and Mouse | Macrophages, monocyes, neutrophils, basophils and large lymphocytes, stimulated T cells and NK cells |
| CD8* | Human and Mouse | Cytotoxic T-cells |
| Collagen 1 | Mouse | |
| CXCL14 | Human and Mouse | (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 14) Chemokine secreted by cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), Potent chemoattractant for neutrophils, and weaker for dendritic cells. Not chemotactic for T-cells, B-cells, monocytes, natural killer cells or granulocytes |
| CXCR5 | Human Only | B-cells. Cytokine receptor that binds to B-lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC). |
| Cytokeratin 5 | Human Only | Identifying basal cells or myoepithelial cells in the breast and prostate |
| Cytokeratin 7 | Human Only | Cytoskeleton: Simple epithelia lining the cavities of the internal organs and in the gland ducts and blood vessels. |
| Desmin | Human and Mouse | Cytoskeleton: Muscle cells (cardiac, skeletal and smooth) |
| E-Cadherin* | Human and Mouse | Epithelial marker (excluding neuronal epithelial): Intracellular junction marker |
| ENO1 | Human Only | (Enolase 1) Glycolysis. Cell surface receptor for plasminogen. Ubiquitously expressed in adult human tissues. |
| EpCAM | Mouse Only | (Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule) Epithelial cell membranes (except mesodermal or neural cell membranes). Undifferentiated embryonic stem cells. Adenocarcinoma. |
| ER | Human Only | (Estrogen receptor) Nuclear hormone receptor |
| FOXP3* | Human and Mouse | T regulatory cells |
| GFAP | Human Only | Astrocyte and neural stem cell marker |
| Gremlin | Mouse Only | Cytokine highly expressed in small intestine, fetal brain and colon. Expression is restricted to intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts (ISEMFs) at the crypt base. In subjects with HMPS1 it is also expressed at very high levels in epithelial cells (predominantly colonocytes), with expression extending most of the way up the sides of the crypt. |
| H3K36me3 | Human Only | Tri-methylation at the 36th lysine residue of the histone H3 protein associated with gene bodies and maintenance of genomic stability. |
| Hexon (Adenovirus) | Human Only | Major capsid protein (all 41 Adenovirus serotypes) |
| HR23B | Human Only | Nucleotide excision repair |
| Hypoxyprobe-1MAb1Anti-pimonidazole | Human Only | Hypoxia marker (pimonidazole administered) |
| Ki-67* | Human Only | Proliferating cells |
| Laminin | Mouse Only | B1 nuclear envelope marker |
| LAMP3 | Human Only | Dendritic cells |
| LARP1 | Human Only | RNA-binding protein that regulates the translation of specific target mRNA species downstream of the mTORC1 complex, in function of growth signals and nutrient availability |
| Ly6g | Mouse Only | Predominantly neutrophils but also a subset of eosinophils, differentiating pre-monocytes, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. |
| MAP2 | Human Only | (Microtubule associated protein 2) Neurons |
| MECA-79 (PNAd) | Human Only | Vascular marker: High Endothelial Venule (HEV) |
| Melan A | Human Only | Melanocyte differentiation marker |
| MPO | Human Only | Monocytes, myeloid dentritic cells, neutrophils. Part of the host defense system of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. |
| Pan-Cytokeratin* | Human Only | Cytoskeleton: Epithelial cells |
| PD-L1* | Human Only | Important checkpoint marker: Macrophages, T cells, B cells, NK cells and DCs |
| PD1* | Human Only | Important checkpoint marker: T cells and pro-B cells |
| Periostin | Human and Mouse | Cell adhesion marker: Heparin |
| Podoplanin | Human and Mouse | Lymphatic endothelial marker |
| PR | Human Only | (Progesterone receptor) Hormone receptor |
| Semaphorin 3A | Human and Mouse | Axon guidance regulation marker: Meningeal fibroblasts |
| SOX6 | Mouse Only | Marker of developmental processes: CNS, cardiac and skeletal muscle cells |
| SQSTM-p62 | Human Only | (Sequestosome-1 is a protein is encoded by SQSTM1 gene also known as the ubiquitin-binding protein p62) autophagosome cargo protein, autophagosome marker: ubiquitously expressed in tissue. |
| TIA1 | Human Only | TIA1 cytotoxic granule associated RNA binding protein that possesses nucleolytic activity against cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) target cells. |
| TNFR1 | Human Only | (Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1): cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and coagulation: mainly secreted by macrophages |
| VEGF | Human Only | (Vascular endothelial growth factor) Angiogenesis, tumour angiogenesis and vasculogenesis marker |
| VEGFR2 | Human Only | (Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2) accounts for most of the mitogenic and chemotactic effects of VEGF: Cell culture supernatant, Serum, Hep Plasma, EDTA Plasma, Cit plasma |
Immunology
| Antibody | Tissues | Target Description |
| AID | Human Only | Somatic hypermutation, gene conversion, and class-switch recombination of Ig genes |
| Bcl-6 | Human Only | Activated and proliferating B cells in germinal centres |
| Caspase3 | Human Only | Apoptosis marker |
| CD103 | Human Only | CD103 is expressed widely on intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) T cells (both αβ T cells and γδ T cells) and on some peripheral regulatory T cells (Tregs).It has also been reported on lamina propria T cells. A subset of dendritic cells in the gut mucosa and mesenteric lymph nodes, known as CD103 dendritic cells, also expresses this marker. |
| CD138 | Human Only | Plasma cells |
| CD16 | Human Only | CD16, also known as FcγRIII, is a cluster of differentiation molecule found on the surface of natural killer cells, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages |
| CD19 | Human Only | B cells and follicular dendritic cells |
| CD2 | Human Only | CD2 (cluster of differentiation 2) is a cell adhesion molecule found on the surface of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. It has also been called T-cell surface antigen T11/Leu-5, LFA-2, LFA-3 receptor, erythrocyte receptor and rosette receptor. |
| CD20 | Human and Mouse | B cells |
| CD206 | Human Only | The mannose receptor (Cluster of Differentiation 206, CD206) is a C-type lectin primarily present on the surface of macrophages, immature dendritic cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, but is also expressed on the surface of skin cells such as human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes. |
| CD21 | Human Only | Complement receptor type 2 (CR2), also known as complement C3d receptor, Epstein-Barr virus receptor, and CD21 (cluster of differentiation 21), B cells express CR2 receptors on their surfaces, allowing the complement system to play a role in B-cell activation and maturation |
| CD27 | Human Only | Memory B cells, some plasma cells, naïve and memory T cells and NK cells. A useful marker to distinguish certain T and B cell subets from each other. |
| CD3 | Human Only | T-cells |
| CD30 | Human and Mouse | Reed-Sternberg cells |
| CD32b | Human Only | Human CD32B (FcγRIIB), the low-affinity inhibitory receptor for IgG, is the predominant Fc receptor (FcR) present on B cells |
| CD35 | Human Only | CD35 (cluster of differentiation 35) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CR1 gene, The gene encodes a monomeric single-pass type I membrane glycoprotein found on erythrocytes, leukocytes, glomerular podocytes, hyalocytes, and splenic follicular dendritic cells |
| CD4 | Human and Mouse | T-Helper cells, monocyte/macrophages, granulocytes, thymocytes and Langerhans' cells |
| CD45 | Human Only | Protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type C. All differentiated hematopoietic cells (except erythrocytes and plasma cells). |
| CD5 | Human Only | T -cells |
| CD56 (NCAM) | Human and Mouse | Neurons, astrocytes, Schwann cells, NK cells and a subset of activated T cells |
| CD68 | Human and Mouse | Macrophages, monocyes, neutrophils, basophils and large lymphocytes, stimulated T cells and NK cells |
| CD8 | Human and Mouse | Cytotoxic T-cells |
| CXCL14 | Human and Mouse | (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 14) Chemokine secreted by cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), Potent chemoattractant for neutrophils, and weaker for dendritic cells. Not chemotactic for T-cells, B-cells, monocytes, natural killer cells or granulocytes |
| CXCR5 | Human Only | B-cells. Cytokine receptor that binds to B-lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC). |
| FOXP3 | Human and Mouse | T regulatory cells |
| LAMP3 | Human Only | Dendritic cells |
| Ly6g | Mouse Only | Predominantly neutrophils but also a subset of eosinophils, differentiating pre-monocytes, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. |
| MECA-79 (PNAd) | Human Only | Vascular marker: High Endothelial Venule (HEV) |
| MPO | Human Only | Monocytes, myeloid dentritic cells, neutrophils. Part of the host defense system of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. |
| PD-L1 | Human Only | Important checkpoint marker: Macrophages, T cells, B cells, NK cells and DCs |
| PD1 | Human Only | Important checkpoint marker: T cells and pro-B cells |
| Podoplanin | Human and Mouse | Lymphatic endothelial marker |
| TIA1 | Human Only | TIA1 cytotoxic granule associated RNA binding protein that possesses nucleolytic activity against cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) target cells. |
| TNFR1 | Human Only | (Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1): cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and coagulation: mainly secreted by macrophages |
Metabolic
| Antibody | Tissues | Target Description |
| CAIX | Human Only | Hypoxia marker |
| Hypoxyprobe-1MAb1Anti-pimonidazole | Human Only | Hypoxia marker (pimonidazole administered) |
Neurology
| Antibody | Tissues | Target Description |
| GFAP | Human Only | Astrocyte and neural stem cell marker |
| MAP2 | Human Only | (Microtubule associated protein 2) Neurons |
Stroma
| Antibody | Tissues | Target Description |
| Alpha smooth muscle Actin | Human and Mouse | Cytoskeleton marker: Muscle cells |
| CD146 | Human and Mouse | Endothelial (cell lineage) marker |
| CD31 | Human and Mouse | Vascular marker: Endothelial cells |
| CD34 | Human and Mouse | Vascular marker: Endothelial cells |
| Gremlin | Mouse Only | Cytokine highly expressed in small intestine, fetal brain and colon. Expression is restricted to intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts (ISEMFs) at the crypt base. In subjects with HMPS1 it is also expressed at very high levels in epithelial cells (predominantly colonocytes), with expression extending most of the way up the sides of the crypt. |
| Laminin | Mouse Only | B1 nuclear envelope marker |
| Periostin | Human and Mouse | Cell adhesion marker: Heparin |
| VEGF | Human Only | (Vascular endothelial growth factor) Angiogenesis, tumour angiogenesis and vasculogenesis marker |
| VEGFR2 | Human Only | (Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2) accounts for most of the mitogenic and chemotactic effects of VEGF: Cell culture supernatant, Serum, Hep Plasma, EDTA Plasma, Cit plasma |
Epithelium
| Antibody | Tissues | Target Description |
| Cytokeratin 5 | Human Only | Identifying basal cells or myoepithelial cells in the breast and prostate |
| Cytokeratin 7 | Human Only | Cytoskeleton: Simple epithelia lining the cavities of the internal organs and in the gland ducts and blood vessels. |
| E-Cadherin | Human and Mouse | Epithelial marker (excluding neuronal epithelial): Intracellular junction marker |
| EpCAM | Mouse Only | (Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule) Epithelial cell membranes (except mesodermal or neural cell membranes). Undifferentiated embryonic stem cells. Adenocarcinoma. |
| ER | Human Only | (Estrogen receptor) Nuclear hormone receptor |
| LARP1 | Human Only | RNA-binding protein that regulates the translation of specific target mRNA species downstream of the mTORC1 complex, in function of growth signals and nutrient availability |
| Pan-Cytokeratin | Human Only | Cytoskeleton: Epithelial cells |
| PR | Human Only | (Progesterone receptor) Hormone receptor |
| Antibody | Target Description |
| Alpha smooth muscle Actin | Cytoskeleton marker: Muscle cells |
| CD146 | Endothelial (cell lineage) marker |
| CD20 | B cells |
| CD30 | Reed-Sternberg cells |
| CD31 | Vascular marker: Endothelial cells |
| CD34 | Vascular marker: Endothelial cells |
| CD4 | T-Helper cells, monocyte/macrophages, granulocytes, thymocytes and Langerhans' cells |
| CD56 (NCAM) | Neurons, astrocytes, Schwann cells, NK cells and a subset of activated T cells |
| CD68 | Macrophages, monocyes, neutrophils, basophils and large lymphocytes, stimulated T cells and NK cells |
| CD8 | Cytotoxic T-cells |
| Collagen 1 | |
| CXCL14 | (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 14) Chemokine secreted by cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), Potent chemoattractant for neutrophils, and weaker for dendritic cells. Not chemotactic for T-cells, B-cells, monocytes, natural killer cells or granulocytes |
| Desmin | Cytoskeleton: Muscle cells (cardiac, skeletal and smooth) |
| E-Cadherin | Epithelial marker (excluding neuronal epithelial): Intracellular junction marker |
| EpCAM | (Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule) Epithelial cell membranes (except mesodermal or neural cell membranes). Undifferentiated embryonic stem cells. Adenocarcinoma. |
| FOXP3 | T regulatory cells |
| Gremlin | Cytokine highly expressed in small intestine, fetal brain and colon. Expression is restricted to intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts (ISEMFs) at the crypt base. In subjects with HMPS1 it is also expressed at very high levels in epithelial cells (predominantly colonocytes), with expression extending most of the way up the sides of the crypt. |
| Laminin | B1 nuclear envelope marker |
| Ly6g | Predominantly neutrophils but also a subset of eosinophils, differentiating pre-monocytes, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. |
| Periostin | Cell adhesion marker: Heparin |
| Podoplanin | Lymphatic endothelial marker |
| Semaphorin 3A | Axon guidance regulation marker: Meningeal fibroblasts |
| SOX6 | Marker of developmental processes: CNS, cardiac and skeletal muscle cells |
| Antibody | Target Description |
| AID | Somatic hypermutation, gene conversion, and class-switch recombination of Ig genes |
| Alpha smooth muscle Actin | Cytoskeleton marker: Muscle cells |
| Bcl-6 | Activated and proliferating B cells in germinal centres |
| CAIX | Hypoxia marker |
| Caspase3 | Apoptosis marker |
| CD103 | CD103 is expressed widely on intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) T cells (both αβ T cells and γδ T cells) and on some peripheral regulatory T cells (Tregs).It has also been reported on lamina propria T cells. A subset of dendritic cells in the gut mucosa and mesenteric lymph nodes, known as CD103 dendritic cells, also expresses this marker. |
| CD138 | Plasma cells |
| CD146 | Endothelial (cell lineage) marker |
| CD16 | CD16, also known as FcγRIII, is a cluster of differentiation molecule found on the surface of natural killer cells, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages |
| CD19 | B cells and follicular dendritic cells |
| CD2 | CD2 (cluster of differentiation 2) is a cell adhesion molecule found on the surface of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. It has also been called T-cell surface antigen T11/Leu-5, LFA-2, LFA-3 receptor, erythrocyte receptor and rosette receptor. |
| CD20 | B cells |
| CD206 | The mannose receptor (Cluster of Differentiation 206, CD206) is a C-type lectin primarily present on the surface of macrophages, immature dendritic cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, but is also expressed on the surface of skin cells such as human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes. |
| CD21 | Complement receptor type 2 (CR2), also known as complement C3d receptor, Epstein-Barr virus receptor, and CD21 (cluster of differentiation 21), B cells express CR2 receptors on their surfaces, allowing the complement system to play a role in B-cell activation and maturation |
| CD27 | Memory B cells, some plasma cells, naïve and memory T cells and NK cells. A useful marker to distinguish certain T and B cell subets from each other. |
| CD3 | T-cells |
| CD30 | Reed-Sternberg cells |
| CD31 | Vascular marker: Endothelial cells |
| CD32b | Human CD32B (FcγRIIB), the low-affinity inhibitory receptor for IgG, is the predominant Fc receptor (FcR) present on B cells |
| CD34 | Vascular marker: Endothelial cells |
| CD35 | CD35 (cluster of differentiation 35) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CR1 gene, The gene encodes a monomeric single-pass type I membrane glycoprotein found on erythrocytes, leukocytes, glomerular podocytes, hyalocytes, and splenic follicular dendritic cells |
| CD38 | CD38 (cluster of differentiation 38), also known as cyclic ADP ribose hydrolase is a glycoprotein found on the surface of many immune cells (white blood cells), including CD4+, CD8+, B lymphocytes and natural killer cells. CD38 also functions in cell adhesion, signal transduction and calcium signaling. |
| CD4 | T-Helper cells, monocyte/macrophages, granulocytes, thymocytes and Langerhans' cells |
| CD45 | Protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type C. All differentiated hematopoietic cells (except erythrocytes and plasma cells). |
| CD5 | T -cells |
| CD56 (NCAM) | Neurons, astrocytes, Schwann cells, NK cells and a subset of activated T cells |
| CD68 | Macrophages, monocyes, neutrophils, basophils and large lymphocytes, stimulated T cells and NK cells |
| CD8 | Cytotoxic T-cells |
| CXCL14 | (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 14) Chemokine secreted by cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), Potent chemoattractant for neutrophils, and weaker for dendritic cells. Not chemotactic for T-cells, B-cells, monocytes, natural killer cells or granulocytes |
| CXCR5 | B-cells. Cytokine receptor that binds to B-lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC). |
| Cytokeratin 5 | Identifying basal cells or myoepithelial cells in the breast and prostate |
| Cytokeratin 7 | Cytoskeleton: Simple epithelia lining the cavities of the internal organs and in the gland ducts and blood vessels. |
| Desmin | Cytoskeleton: Muscle cells (cardiac, skeletal and smooth) |
| E-Cadherin | Epithelial marker (excluding neuronal epithelial): Intracellular junction marker |
| ENO1 | (Enolase 1) Glycolysis. Cell surface receptor for plasminogen. Ubiquitously expressed in adult human tissues. |
| ER | (Estrogen receptor) Nuclear hormone receptor |
| FOXP3 | T regulatory cells |
| GFAP | Astrocyte and neural stem cell marker |
| H3K36me3 | Tri-methylation at the 36th lysine residue of the histone H3 protein associated with gene bodies and maintenance of genomic stability. |
| Hexon (Adenovirus) | Major capsid protein (all 41 Adenovirus serotypes) |
| HR23B | Nucleotide excision repair |
| Hypoxyprobe-1MAb1Anti-pimonidazole | Hypoxia marker (pimonidazole administered) |
| Ki-67 | Proliferating cells |
| LAMP3 | Dendritic cells |
| LARP1 | RNA-binding protein that regulates the translation of specific target mRNA species downstream of the mTORC1 complex, in function of growth signals and nutrient availability |
| MAP2 | (Microtubule associated protein 2) Neurons |
| MECA-79 (PNAd) | Vascular marker: High Endothelial Venule (HEV) |
| Melan A | Melanocyte differentiation marker |
| MPO | Monocytes, myeloid dentritic cells, neutrophils. Part of the host defense system of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. |
| Pan-Cytokeratin | Cytoskeleton: Epithelial cells |
| PD-L1 | Important checkpoint marker: Macrophages, T cells, B cells, NK cells and DCs |
| PD1 | Important checkpoint marker: T cells and pro-B cells |
| Periostin | Cell adhesion marker: Heparin |
| Podoplanin | Lymphatic endothelial marker |
| PR | (Progesterone receptor) Hormone receptor |
| Semaphorin 3A | Axon guidance regulation marker: Meningeal fibroblasts |
| SQSTM-p62 | (Sequestosome-1 is a protein is encoded by SQSTM1 gene also known as the ubiquitin-binding protein p62) autophagosome cargo protein, autophagosome marker: ubiquitously expressed in tissue. |
| TIA1 | TIA1 cytotoxic granule associated RNA binding protein that possesses nucleolytic activity against cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) target cells. |
| TNFR1 | (Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1): cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and coagulation: mainly secreted by macrophages |
| VEGF | (Vascular endothelial growth factor) Angiogenesis, tumour angiogenesis and vasculogenesis marker |
| VEGFR2 | (Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2) accounts for most of the mitogenic and chemotactic effects of VEGF: Cell culture supernatant, Serum, Hep Plasma, EDTA Plasma, Cit plasma |